The ignition of pre-compressed fuel by convergent shock wave, as a new approach in inertial confinement fusion that is known as shock ignition is considered with the aim of achieving high gain and providing threshold of ignition in lower energy. In this research, optimization of the energy has been done according to the hydrodynamic efficiency and target energy gain in a five-layer fuel pellet of nuclear fusion reactor size with heavy ion driver by one-dimensional code, DEIRA4. Then, with substitution of the box pulse by three-stage pulse in shock ignition, the power and time of each phase are optimized and the energy consumption, fuel efficiency and Rayleigh–Taylor instability is investigated. Calculations show that in optimal target with DT fuel, by applying three-stage pulse by heavy ion beam207Pb, target energy gain is 542, corresponding to 21% increase in energy efficiency, and 19% decrease in deriver energy. Also, the decreasing of implosion velocity and e-fold parameter shows the more fuel stabilities in shock ignition than the hydrodynamic instabilities in central ignition.

Philadelphia chromosome can be founding 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by cytogenetic studies. The fused bcr/abl is transcribed in two types of chimeric mRNA. RT-PCR amplification of these two transcripts have been designed to give two different size products. This assay can detect one positive bcr/abl expressing cell in a back ground of 106 negative bcr/abl cells. The power of this assay is the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) between 6-12 months following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an independent and significant factor that predicts the relapse in future. The aim of optimization was to detect β2 microglobulin (β 2M) mRNA. Detection of β2 mRNA and absence of bcr/abl indicates that the patient is negative for MRD and as a result, there is molecular remission in addition to clinical remission. To monitor MRD we tested a patient's blood sample who had tolerated allogenic BMT 7 years ago. bcr/abl wasn't detected in this patient and only β2 M was observed. This result confirmed the absence of MRD in this case. To effectively monitor minimal leukemic activity after BMT, we used a competitive RT- PCR to quantify expression of the characteristic bcr/abl fusion gene mRNA in patients with CML.    

Li2TiO3 as a tritium breeder has a significant role in nuclear fusion reactors. The aim of this study was the synthesis of Li2TiO3 powder by solution combustion in the explosive mode as an inexpensive and efficient method. Fuel type and nitric acid, as an oxidizer, have vital roles in this method. Hence, the effect of nitric acid content and citric acid, glucose, and glycine fuels were investigated. Results showed that the use of glucose fuel was not appropriate, because the combustion didn't occur, neither the desired phase was not synthesized. Moreover, synthesis in the presence of glycine fuel led to the synthesis of the desired product, however, no pure single-phase product was obtained. Contrary to the two mentioned fuels, citric acid was a suitable fuel for the synthesis of Li2TiO3 by solution combustion method, which resulted in a single-phase product. The optimum amount of nitric acid was determined to be 9 liters per mole of fuel. Using more than the optimal amount of nitric acid also resulted in LiTiO2 impurities being left. While using less than the optimal amount resulted in an incomplete combustion reaction.

Introduction: Energy sources are the most problem in world today, The every day increase of feul price and decrease in its resoures and increase in demands for energy, cuased the attentions change into away to produce more energy with lowest expences, Muon catalyzed fusion is the new and stable source for future.Aim: In this article we determined the Muon catalized fusion in three layer system D/T, T2, D2 and Muon stripping effect that no considered in previous researches.In resent observation find that fusion could be occur from semi stable molecule(dt m)*.Material and Method: in this research we used the all fusin branch in this system and solve equations with Rung Kutta 45-Maple software, that results are in (3), (4), (5) and (6) tables.Results: In this research we use of this branch of fusion and Muon stripping effect, too, that no considered in previous systems [14].Conclusion: calculations show that 82.6 fusion be occur per one Muon and Muon cycling coefficient for the suggested system is compared to the D/T homogeneous system and is shown that which has 18% enhancement to convensional homogeneous D/T system.

It is expected that advanced fuels be employed in the second generation of nuclear fusion reactors. Theoretical calculations show that in such a fuel, a high plasma temperature about 100 keV is a requisite for reaction rate improvement of nuclear fusion. However, creating such a temporal condition requires a more powerful driver than we have today. Here, introducing an optimal fuel configuration consisting of DT and D-3He layers, suitable for inertial fusion reactors and driven by heavy ion beams, the optimal energy gain conditions have been simulated and derived for 1.3 MJ system. It was found that, in this new fuel configuration, the ideal energy gain, is 22 percent more comparing with energy gain in corresponding single DT fuel layer. Moreover, the inner DT fuel layer contributed as an ignition trigger, while the outer D3He fuel acts as particle and radiation shielding as well as fuel layer.

Introduction: Mental fatigue is defined as body or soul tiredness which can be caused by stress, overwork, excessive use of drugs or physical or mental illnesses. Fatigue is one of the reasons of productivity loss as well as occurring accidents. Therefore, mental fatigue measurement is of great importance. This study was aimed to determine the consistency of mental fatigue measurement by self-reported VAS and the flicker fusion apparatus. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 30 students. After they had accomplished mental tasks (i.e. mathematical problem solving and responding to MMPI questionnaire), mental fatigued was measured by self-reported VAS and flicker fusion apparatus. To analyze the results, paired sample T-test and Spearman correlation test were applied in SPSS software version 11.5 (P<0.05). Findings: The results of mental fatigue measurements by both methods of self-reported VAS and the flicker fusion apparatus showed significant increase in mental fatigue after finishing each of the mental tasks. But the findings revealed no consistency between the two methods.Conclusion: Since self-reported VAS is a subjective technique, it seems that the lack of consistency between the two methods is due to its inefficiency in the mental fatigue measurement. Therefore, further studies with more precise methods such as EEG is suggested.